Bogaards, Matthijs2023-07-242023-07-242023-06-081353-711310.1080/13537113.2023.2208395http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018/14059The state has never been a central category in consociational analysis, but recent developments have put the state on the radar of consociational scholars. This article is the first to survey and systematize insights on the role of the state in consociational theory and practice. The article does so by providing an overview and review of the answers to three guiding questions. First, who owns the state? Second, what comes first—consociation or state building? Third, is there an inevitable tradeoff between consociationalism and state strength? All these questions and answers have normative and empirical dimensions, and this article seeks to make a contribution to both. Empirically, the article formulates a research agenda. Theoretically and normatively, the article sketches an original consociational approach to the state that goes back to the early days of the Westphalian state system and has surprising relevance in today’s world.engCC BY-NC-ND 4.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Political Science and International RelationsJournal article1557-298610.1080/13537113.2023.2208395