LaBelle, Michael Carnegie2025-03-212025-03-212023-061758-588010.1111/1758-5899.13235https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018/26441Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author. Global Policy published by Durham University and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The Organization of the Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) used oil as a weapon against Western countries supporting Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. From 2021, Russia used a similar strategy of restricting gas flows to Europe, while Europe later reduced Russia's market access. In these cases, there was economic and political damage. These examples show that energy is a weapon used to pressure sovereign states. Energy is a multidimensional resource that reflects broader ties within the political-economic system of international relations. This comparative study identifies four components that enable energy as a weapon: interdependence, energy security, neoliberal economics and sovereignty. Four key policy lessons emerge to improve energy security: (1) determine the acceptable limits of energy dependence, (2) acknowledge institutions and markets cannot deliver energy security outside their design parameters, (3) energy security requires addressing the entire value chain, and (4) energy is a weapon that threatens state sovereignty. The collapse of the gas trade between Russia and the EU creates instability and removes the pillar of interdependency; this now ushers in a new era.enginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessGlobal and Planetary ChangeEconomics and EconometricsPolitical Science and International RelationsManagement, Monitoring, Policy and LawLawSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean EnergyJournal articlehttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85161507049&partnerID=8YFLogxKLaBelle, M C 2023, 'Energy as a weapon of war : Lessons from 50 years of energy interdependence', Global Policy, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13235ORCID: /0000-0002-5013-1186/work/167514374171470782