Bogaards, Matthijs2023-06-162023-06-1620181351-0347, 1743-890X10.1080/13510347.2018.1485015http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018/13823Scholarly attention has started to shift from democratization and democratic consolidation to trends of democratic deconsolidation, backsliding, regression, and erosion. This article examines Hungary as a deviant and exemplary case for understanding de-democratization. The starting point is the literature on defective democracy, which provides a unified framework of analysis for the causes and the outcomes of democratization. However, as the case of Hungary shows, de-democratization is not simply the mirror of democratization. In Hungary, both the outcome and the process of de-democratization defy expectations. The democratic defects do not conform to any of the standard types, instead resembling a “diffusely defective democracy”. Moreover, existing explanations fail to account for their emergence. The case of Hungary indicates that our knowledge of democratization may be a poor guide to understanding de-democratization.engCC BY-NC-ND 4.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Journal articlehttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2018.1485015