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Energy as a weapon of war: Lessons from 50 years of energy interdependence
Editors
Title / Series / Name
Global Policy
Publication Volume
14
Publication Issue
3
Pages
Authors
Editors
Keywords
Energy policy
Energy dependence
Energy dependence
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018/14058
Abstract
The Organization of the Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) used oil as a weapon against Western countries supporting Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. From 2021, Russia used a similar strategy of restricting gas flows to Europe, while Europe later reduced Russia's market access. In these cases, there was economic and political damage. These examples show that energy is a weapon used to pressure sovereign states. Energy is a multidimensional resource that reflects broader ties within the political-economic system of international relations. This comparative study identifies four components that enable energy as a weapon: interdependence, energy security, neoliberal economics and sovereignty. Four key policy lessons emerge to improve energy security: (1) determine the acceptable limits of energy dependence, (2) acknowledge institutions and markets cannot deliver energy security outside their design parameters, (3) energy security requires addressing the entire value chain, and (4) energy is a weapon that threatens state sovereignty. The collapse of the gas trade between Russia and the EU creates instability and removes the pillar of interdependency; this now ushers in a new era.
Topic
Publisher
Place of Publication
Type
Journal article
Date
2023-06-07
Language
ISBN
Identifiers
10.1111/1758-5899.13235